Americans have long seen their country as morally exceptional, but their exceptionalism actually comprises three distinct views. Whichever prevails in next year’s presidential election will have significant implications for ongoing conflicts in Europe, Asia, and the Middle East.
identifies three strands of the concept and their implications for US foreign policy after next year’s election.
With a likely rematch between Joe Biden and Donald Trump in the 2024 US presidential election, America and the rest of the world were heading into a perilous period even before the latest conflagration in the Middle East. Turmoil in the region will cloud the broader economic outlook – and could dim Biden’s chances.
worries global economic and political developments will put Donald Trump back in the White House.
Around the world, foreign-policy strategists are grappling with new international dynamics, from the Sino-American rivalry and ongoing hot wars to the broader breakdown in multilateral global governance. However, there is much debate about whether global power and alignments are truly shifting, and in what ways.
consider whether the world will become more multipolar or “non-aligned” in the new year.
坎布里奇—巴西经济出现了断崖式暴跌,这是多年来经济管理不当和大面积腐败丑闻的结果。经济管理不当和大面积腐败丑闻吞噬了巴西的政治和商业建制派——现在眼看着快要将第二任总统拉下马了。在政治和经济动荡时期,你很难专注于政策发展,但事实仍然是,巴西如果想要打好可是增长的基础,就必须克服基本挑战。而最大的基本挑战就是财政萎靡。
很容易认为,巴西过多的政府融资长期以来一直拖累的经济。政府支出占GDP之比高达36%,是收入水平相近国家中最高的。多年来的财政放纵导致巴西积累了巨大的社会安全负债,而大宗商品价格低迷又大大放大的问题——现在还要加上政治危机——债务现已达到GDP的70%左右,政府不堪重负。财政状况告急导致融资利率高企,这反过来让财政状况更加危险:更高的利息支付是巴西和同类国家之间的利差的最大原因。
在这样的背景下,巴西国民议会试图重振市场信心,在去年12月批准了前所未有的宪法修正案,为非利息政府支出设置了一个至少为期十年的上限,这个上限与前一年的通货膨胀率挂钩。如果能够坚持贯彻的话,这一支出上限将保证,只要国民收入能够取得真实增长,政府(除利息支出外的)占国民收入之比就将下降。国际货币基金组织(IMF)当时予以热烈支持,称之为可能的财政“局面改变因素”。
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