Anne O. Krueger, a former World Bank chief economist and former first deputy managing director of the International Monetary Fund, is Senior Research Professor of International Economics at the Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies and Senior Fellow at the Center for International Development at Stanford University.
华盛顿—为了帮助乌克兰,同时避免北约与俄罗斯之间发生核对抗,美国及其盟国以前所未有的规模对俄罗斯经济实施贸易和金融制裁。但这是正确的规模吗?是正确的制裁吗?
贸易制裁是禁止与目标国家进行出口、进口和其他国际交易——包括航线着陆权、资产销售、航运权和港口特权。封锁是众所周知的战时制裁,但各国在和平时期也会采用制裁。思路是通过阻止目标国家获得与世界其他地区交换的好处,以此迫使目标国家改变其行为。
。一战结束时,美国总统威尔逊政府领导的各国政府同意通过经济措施而非军事行动来解决国际争端,此后,制裁的运用愈演愈烈。这种对暴力冲突施加制裁的偏好在二战后重新出现,并且变得更加根深蒂固。到 2020 年,美国已对10,000多个实体实施制裁——是 2000 年的十倍——其中许多与朝鲜、古巴和伊朗有关。主要形式是禁止(或限制)与目标国家贸易。
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