Rather than reducing concentrated market power through “disruption” or “creative destruction,” technological innovation historically has only added to the problem, by awarding monopolies to just one or a few dominant firms. And market forces offer no remedy to the problem; only public policy can provide that.
shows that technological change leads not to disruption, but to deeper, more enduring forms of market power.
The passing of America’s preeminent foreign-policy thinker and practitioner marks the end of an era. Throughout his long and extraordinarily influential career, Henry Kissinger built a legacy that Americans would be wise to heed in this new era of great-power politics and global disarray.
reviews the life and career of America’s preeminent foreign-policy scholar-practitioner.
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比什凯克——短短几年前,作为美国长期战略伙伴的沙特阿拉伯加入一个由中国和俄罗斯领导的经济和安全组织还几乎是不可想象的。但上个月,沙特王国批准了一项谅解备忘录,授予其上合组织(SCO)对话“伙伴国地位,”这是其迈向全面成员资格的首个步骤。
上合组织的基础于1980年代奠定,当时苏联和中国正试图化解两国共同边境上的紧张局势。苏联解体后,两方拓展成了五方:包括中华人民共和国、俄罗斯联邦、哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦和塔吉克斯坦。2001年,所谓上海五国同意超越划界和边境非军事化深化区域合作,上合组织由此诞生了。
今天,上合组织包括上海五国,再加上印度、巴基斯坦和乌兹别克斯坦,而伊朗也预计将于今年加入。上合组织还有9个对话伙伴国——包括亚美尼亚、阿塞拜疆、柬埔寨、埃及、尼泊尔、卡塔尔、斯里兰卡、土耳其,现在还有沙特阿拉伯——另外还有5个国家已经走上了相同的道路。拥有观察员国地位的包括阿富汗、白俄罗斯和蒙古三国。
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