At a time of escalating global turmoil, there is an urgent need for incisive, informed analysis of the issues and questions driving the news – just what PS has always provided.
Subscribe to Digital or Digital Plus now to secure your discount.
To have unlimited access to our content including in-depth commentaries, book reviews, exclusive interviews, PS OnPoint and PS The Big Picture, please subscribe
With German voters clearly demanding comprehensive change, the far right has been capitalizing on the public's discontent and benefiting from broader global political trends. If the country's democratic parties cannot deliver, they may soon find that they are no longer the mainstream.
explains why the outcome may decide whether the political “firewall” against the far right can hold.
The Russian and (now) American vision of "peace" in Ukraine would be no peace at all. The immediate task for Europe is not only to navigate Donald’s Trump unilateral pursuit of a settlement, but also to ensure that any deal does not increase the likelihood of an even wider war.
sees a Korea-style armistice with security guarantees as the only viable option in Ukraine.
Rather than engage in lengthy discussions to pry concessions from Russia, US President Donald Trump seems committed to giving the Kremlin whatever it wants to end the Ukraine war. But rewarding the aggressor and punishing the victim would amount to setting the stage for the next war.
warns that by punishing the victim, the US is setting up Europe for another war.
Within his first month back in the White House, Donald Trump has upended US foreign policy and launched an all-out assault on the country’s constitutional order. With US institutions bowing or buckling as the administration takes executive power to unprecedented extremes, the establishment of an authoritarian regime cannot be ruled out.
The rapid advance of AI might create the illusion that we have created a form of algorithmic intelligence capable of understanding us as deeply as we understand one another. But these systems will always lack the essential qualities of human intelligence.
explains why even cutting-edge innovations are not immune to the world’s inherent unpredictability.
波士顿——过去几年来,越来越多人已经开始认真审视我们这个星球正在发生的事情——历史性干旱、海平面上升、大规模洪涝——并最终认识到人类活动正在推动快速气候变化。但你猜怎么着?埃克森(现在叫埃克森美孚)早在1978年就已经看出了端倪。
到20世纪80年代初,埃克森科学家的理解更加深入。他们不仅了解气候变化背后的科学,而且也承认公司自身在这一现象背后所起的巨大作用。科学家们认识到这可能会对很大部分人产生“灾难性”的影响,并因此敦促埃克森的高管采取行动。但高管们非但没有采取行动,反而掩盖了真相。
这个令人义愤的故事背后可能尚存一线希望:最近揭露埃克森骗局的调查可能最终对应对迫在眉睫的气候危机起到催化作用。毕竟,有关烟草行业的类似披露——大型烟草企业知道些什么、什么时候知道的——彻底改变了公共卫生状况。
1996年,系列诉讼迫使烟草公司公开数以百万计的内部文件,证实了公共健康倡导者和决策者早就怀疑的内容:早在上世纪50年代,业内人士就知道尼古丁具有成瘾性和香烟会诱发癌症。但为保护自身利益,烟草巨头故意误导公众,千方百计质疑它明知准确无误的科学发现的准确性。此等伎俩使烟草行业成功延迟每年本可挽救成百上千万人生命的法规出台超过50年之久。
但此次披露证明烟草业是不应属于决策过程的邪恶力量。随着烟草巨头的出局,手握烟草消费的实证效果的健康倡导者终于成功地迫使政府采取行动。
2003年,世界领导人在世卫组织的主持下签署了烟草控制框架公约(FCTC)。今天,上述公约涵盖 90%的世界人口,并导致全球烟草企业销售显著下降。随着时间的推移,这将挽救成百上千万的生命(并为政府节约巨额医疗预算)。
Winter Sale: Save 40% on a new PS subscription
At a time of escalating global turmoil, there is an urgent need for incisive, informed analysis of the issues and questions driving the news – just what PS has always provided.
Subscribe to Digital or Digital Plus now to secure your discount.
Subscribe Now
显而易见,石油巨头一直在学习烟草巨头的榜样。1997年,石油巨头在开始气候变化研究近20年后隐瞒了自己的研究成果,声称气候科学“很不明朗”,因此并不支持出台“强制削减能源使用”的规定。
除隐瞒自己的研究结果,埃克森美孚(及其同行)还出资推动垃圾科学,攻击警告气候灾难即将到来的科学家。化石燃料公司的方法非常有效,以至媒体到现在才开始意识到石油业在凭空捏造的所谓“气候辩论”中所起的主导作用。
不过或许打消推行相关法规的政治意愿才是石油巨头最大的成功。即使在1992年国际社会通过联合国气候变化框架公约(UNFCCC)后,化石燃料行业仍成功阻止了有意义的进展——乃至今天如果不迅速采取行动,整个过程都有遭到逆转的可能。
在欧洲,荷兰皇家壳牌石油的游说严重稀释了欧盟的努力,以至针对各国的限制性可再生或能源效益目标至今都没有出台。该公司甚至致函欧盟委员会主席称“天然气有益于欧洲发展”。壳牌和其他石油公司现在承诺承担国家政府“应对气候变化目标”的顾问任务。
就像烟草文件将烟草业赶出决策过程一样,埃克森调查应促使世界领导人将化石燃料行业清除出解决气候危机的进程。毕竟,如果政策制定者一心希望政策失败,那政策成功的可能性将微乎其微。
当行业堕落成为不争事实的时候出现了烟草领域公共卫生政策的转折点。现在,气候运动的时机已经到来。我们不能简单地希望化石燃料业改弦更张。正如人权组织、环保人士和企业责任倡导者联盟已经要求的那样,我们必须将化石燃料业彻底踢出决策过程。
埃克森的科学家没有说错:气候变化对许多群体的影响的确可以用灾难性来形容。因为威胁到如此多的生命——以及威胁的证据如此明确——石油巨头就像之前的烟草巨头一样,应该被视为巨大的麻烦制造者。
翻译:Xu Binbin