因此,让所有化石燃料实体,特别是碳排大户,为它们所生产的每一吨煤炭、每一桶石油、每一立方米天然气根据新的国际损失和伤害机制(International Mechanism for Loss and Damage)纳税以资助解决气候变化最坏影响的措施既公平又合理。此外,考虑到当今气候变化的影响乃是过去的排放的结果,碳排大户还应该被追溯历史税款。
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With German voters clearly demanding comprehensive change, the far right has been capitalizing on the public's discontent and benefiting from broader global political trends. If the country's democratic parties cannot deliver, they may soon find that they are no longer the mainstream.
explains why the outcome may decide whether the political “firewall” against the far right can hold.
The Russian and (now) American vision of "peace" in Ukraine would be no peace at all. The immediate task for Europe is not only to navigate Donald’s Trump unilateral pursuit of a settlement, but also to ensure that any deal does not increase the likelihood of an even wider war.
sees a Korea-style armistice with security guarantees as the only viable option in Ukraine.
Rather than engage in lengthy discussions to pry concessions from Russia, US President Donald Trump seems committed to giving the Kremlin whatever it wants to end the Ukraine war. But rewarding the aggressor and punishing the victim would amount to setting the stage for the next war.
warns that by punishing the victim, the US is setting up Europe for another war.
Within his first month back in the White House, Donald Trump has upended US foreign policy and launched an all-out assault on the country’s constitutional order. With US institutions bowing or buckling as the administration takes executive power to unprecedented extremes, the establishment of an authoritarian regime cannot be ruled out.
The rapid advance of AI might create the illusion that we have created a form of algorithmic intelligence capable of understanding us as deeply as we understand one another. But these systems will always lack the essential qualities of human intelligence.
explains why even cutting-edge innovations are not immune to the world’s inherent unpredictability.
波恩—去年11月发表的一份突破性研究表明,区区90家煤炭、石油和天然气以及水泥生产商——被称为“碳排大户”——的活动就产生了工业革命以来二氧化碳总排放量的63%。
这份报告发表两周前,台风海燕(当地称之为Yolanda)摧毁了菲律宾独鲁万(Tacloban)地区。这场风暴以315公里的前所未见的风速卷走了6,300人的生命,让四百万人无家可归,造成超过20亿美元的损失。
海燕及其所造成的伤害不啻于对随后召开的华沙联合国气候变化会议代表的哭诉。代表们的回应是同意建立解决与气候变化相关的“损失与伤害”的国际机制,适用于无力应对和摆脱全球变暖最坏影响伤害的国家。
面对气候变化最束手无策的国家往往也是对气候变化责任最小的国家,也是最无力应对气候变化后果的国家。与它们形成鲜明对比的是,碳排大户从化石燃料中攫取了巨额财富,并且需要为气候变化负主要责任。2013年,四家碳排大户——雪佛龙、埃克森美孚、英国石油和壳牌——利润总额达到了940亿美元。如此巨大的回报只有在这些公司将其产品的最大成本——由穷人和弱势群体承受的气候灾难——外部化后才能实现。
因此,让所有化石燃料实体,特别是碳排大户,为它们所生产的每一吨煤炭、每一桶石油、每一立方米天然气根据新的国际损失和伤害机制(International Mechanism for Loss and Damage)纳税以资助解决气候变化最坏影响的措施既公平又合理。此外,考虑到当今气候变化的影响乃是过去的排放的结果,碳排大户还应该被追溯历史税款。
若在最初将税率定在较低的每吨碳2美元的水平,则该税每年可筹集500亿美元,但税率可以逐年增加。获得的收入可以支持脆弱国发展应对气候变化的长期计划,并为旨在最小化损失和伤害、共享信息和模仿最佳实践的实验项目提供融资。这笔钱还可以用来资助监控和预测开始缓慢的极端天气事件,让当局和公众能够更有效地准备应对大灾难。这笔钱还可以覆盖个人、地方、国家、地区或国际损失和伤害保险的保费。
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政府将从碳排大户身上抽取这笔税金,比如在收取特许费和其他开采相关费用时抽取,并根据国际机制使用这笔资金。如果将新税和已有费用加在一起,将能够强化价格信号,推动从化石燃料到可再生能源的转型。
这一化石燃料税与联合国气候变化框架公约(United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change)所制定的规范完全相容,也与国际法的“谁污染谁承担”和“无伤害”原则相符,根据国际法原则,组织需要赔偿其所造成的伤害。事实上,这一安排类似于已有的机制,如漏油赔偿和核伤害赔偿。
但赔偿伤害损失尽管必要,远不足够。毕竟,补偿税并不意味着碳排大户在事实上买下了污染权。我们还必须致力于阻止给最脆弱人群(以及他们本身)造成伤害的行为。当世界各国政府在2015年的巴黎联合国气候变化会议上会面时,必须形成关于如何在本世纪中叶停止温室气体净排放和燃烧化石燃料方面的一致。根据碳追踪系统(Carbon Tracker)的数据,要想避免灾难性气候变化,就必须将80%的化石燃料储备留在地下。
即使以当今“较低”水平的气候变化水平,气候灾难也是实实在在的威胁。对痛失亲人、忙于重建家人和生活的菲律宾公民,对于在容器中种植农作物、依赖进口饮用水和建造海堤捍卫土地不被海洋吞没的太平洋岛民,对于萨赫勒地区的饥饿农民来说,气候变化的灾难是实实在在的。对于世界上其他数百万脆弱人民来说,气候变化的灾难也在日益成为现实。
这些人应该获得世界的支持——不仅是道德支持,而是真正的帮助——防止(至少是减轻)过去和当前的工业化所施加给他们的与气候有关的困境的高效恰当的融资机制。对碳排大户来说,掏腰包的时候到了。