Michael Spence, a Nobel laureate in economics, is Professor of Economics Emeritus and a former dean of the Graduate School of Business at Stanford University. He is Senior Fellow at the Hoover Institution, Senior Adviser to General Atlantic, and Chairman of the firm’s Global Growth Institute. He serves on the Academic Committee at Luohan Academy, and chairs the Advisory Board of the Asia Global Institute. He was Chairman of the independent Commission on Growth and Development, an international body that from 2006-10 analyzed opportunities for global economic growth, and is the author of The Next Convergence: The Future of Economic Growth in a Multispeed World (Macmillan Publishers, 2012).
米兰——长期趋势和力量部分推动了后疫情经济的高通胀压力,其中不少因素在供给方面发挥作用。虽然也存在某些临时因素——如供应链中断和瓶颈,以及中国的新冠清零政策——但这些可能会在某个时间点减弱。但长期趋势很可能导致许多经济体和全球金融市场实现新的平衡。
在制成品和中间产品领域(占全球经济可贸易部分的很大份额),我们正在脱离一种长期通缩状况,这种状况由新兴经济体引入大量此前未被使用的、低成本产能所导致。无论何时出现需求激增,市场平衡对策将是供应扩张和价格提升的某种组合,而过去几十年来,供应扩张显然占据主导地位,由此造成的通缩压力逐渐被人们认为是理所当然的。
但全球经济中剩余未利用的产能一直在下降,同时随着数千万消费者加入到中产阶级,全球需求则一直在增长。全球供应链弹性下降,从而导致发达经济体工人议价能力增长。 这方面的证据不难找到。工会组织正在扩大,而且越来越成功,而雇主们则发现很难抛开潜在及现有员工对混合工作的喜好。
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